~ / blog / Active, Reactive and Apparent Power

Thu, Apr 30, 2015
       

  math, python

       

  14 minute(s)

# Introduction to basic concepts

and are used to indicate phasor representations of sinusoidal voltages and currents. is used to represent generated voltage or electromotive force (emf). is often used to measure a potential difference between two points. is used to represent the instantaneous voltage between two points.

Let voltage be defined as the following:

Let us plot this and see what it looks like.

Show Code 
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = -np.pi/2 # phase shift

Av = 155.563491861 # voltage peak
Ai = 7.07106781187 # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 6/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize = (16,10))
ax.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage')
ax.plot(t, i, label = 'Current')
ax.axis([0, 2/f0, -200, 200])

ax.legend();

plt.savefig("./images/power_3_0.png", transparent=True, dpi=300)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = -np.pi/2 # phase shift

Av = 155.563491861 # voltage peak
Ai = 7.07106781187 # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 6/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize = (16,10))
ax.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage')
ax.plot(t, i, label = 'Current')
ax.axis([0, 2/f0, -200, 200])

ax.legend();

plt.savefig("./images/power_3_0.png", transparent=True, dpi=300)

We can calculate the maximum, minimum and the RMS value as follows:

def rms(x):
    return np.sqrt(np.mean(x**2))

print('Maximum', max(v))
print('Minimum', min(v))
print('RMS', rms(v))

print('Ratio max/rms', max(v)/rms(v))

try:
    np.testing.assert_approx_equal(np.sqrt(2), max(v)/rms(v))
except:
    print 'Numbers not equal'
else:
    print 'Maximum value = √2 x RMS value'
def rms(x):
    return np.sqrt(np.mean(x**2))

print('Maximum', max(v))
print('Minimum', min(v))
print('RMS', rms(v))

print('Ratio max/rms', max(v)/rms(v))

try:
    np.testing.assert_approx_equal(np.sqrt(2), max(v)/rms(v))
except:
    print 'Numbers not equal'
else:
    print 'Maximum value = √2 x RMS value'
Maximum 155.563491861
Minimum -155.563491861
RMS 110.0
Ratio max/rms 1.41421356237
Maximum value = √2 x RMS value

is used to represent magnitude of the phasors.

The RMS value of is what is read by a voltmeter.

# Expression for power

Let voltage and current be expressed by:

Instantaneous power is calculated by . If we plot the above equations, assuming , we get the following.

f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = -np.pi/6 # phase shift

Av = 10*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2,1,figsize = (16,10))

ax1 = axs[0]

ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -20, 20]);
ax1.legend()


ax2 = axs[1]

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')

ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
# for tl in ax2.get_yticklabels():
#     tl.set_color('g')
ax2.legend()
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -120, 120]);

plt.savefig("./images/power_11_0.png", transparent=True, dpi=300)
f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = -np.pi/6 # phase shift

Av = 10*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2,1,figsize = (16,10))

ax1 = axs[0]

ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -20, 20]);
ax1.legend()


ax2 = axs[1]

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')

ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
# for tl in ax2.get_yticklabels():
#     tl.set_color('g')
ax2.legend()
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -120, 120]);

plt.savefig("./images/power_11_0.png", transparent=True, dpi=300)

We can decompose the instantaneous power following the steps below.

We know that,

The second term is of the following form,

is the phase angle of one of the phasors. In our case, is the phase angle of Voltage, when the angle of Current is 0

Assuming ,

Hence,

We see that the sign of the first term remains unaffected by the sign of

Let us plot the two parts of this equation.

f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = -np.pi/3 # phase shift

Av = 110*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize = (16,5))

# ax1 = axs[0]

# ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
# ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

# ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
# ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
# ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

# ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -200, 200]);
# ax1.legend(loc='lower left')

ax2 = axs

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

#$p = \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \cos\theta (1 + \cos 2\omega t)
#                         + \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \sin 2\omega t \sin \theta $

p_R = Av*Ai/2*(np.cos(phi) * (1 + np.cos(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))
p_X = Av*Ai/2*(np.sin(phi) * (np.sin(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))

ax2.plot(t, p_R, label = 'Instantaneous Active Power in phase A', linestyle='--', color = 'b')
ax2.plot(t, p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Reactive Power in phase A', linestyle='-.', color = 'r')

#ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')
ax2.plot(t, p_R+p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Power in phase A', color='g')


ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
ax2.legend(loc='lower left')
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -1500, 1500]);

plt.savefig("images/power_16_0.png", transparent=True, dpi=300)
f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = -np.pi/3 # phase shift

Av = 110*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize = (16,5))

# ax1 = axs[0]

# ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
# ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

# ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
# ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
# ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

# ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -200, 200]);
# ax1.legend(loc='lower left')

ax2 = axs

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

#$p = \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \cos\theta (1 + \cos 2\omega t)
#                         + \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \sin 2\omega t \sin \theta $

p_R = Av*Ai/2*(np.cos(phi) * (1 + np.cos(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))
p_X = Av*Ai/2*(np.sin(phi) * (np.sin(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))

ax2.plot(t, p_R, label = 'Instantaneous Active Power in phase A', linestyle='--', color = 'b')
ax2.plot(t, p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Reactive Power in phase A', linestyle='-.', color = 'r')

#ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')
ax2.plot(t, p_R+p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Power in phase A', color='g')


ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
ax2.legend(loc='lower left')
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -1500, 1500]);

plt.savefig("images/power_16_0.png", transparent=True, dpi=300)

The blue line (active power) is always positve and has an average value of . If we use RMS values, we get

The average value of the red line (reactive power) is equal to zero.

The maximum value of the instantaneous reactive power is

Or,

# So why is it called real power?

plt.rc("font", size=20)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize = (16,10))

ax.axis('off');

import schemdraw as schem
import schemdraw.elements as e
# schem.use('svg')

d = schem.Drawing()

V1 = d.add( e.SOURCE_SIN, label='$V_{a}$' )
L1 = d.add( e.LINE, d='right', label='$I_{a}$')
d.push()
R = d.add( e.RES, d='down', botlabel='$R$' )
d.pop()
d.add( e.LINE, d='right' )
d.add( e.INDUCTOR2, d='down', botlabel='$L$' )
d.add( e.LINE, to=V1.start )
d.add( e.GND )
d.draw(ax=ax, show=False)
plt.savefig("./images/schemdraw.png", dpi=300, transparent=True)
plt.rc("font", size=20)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize = (16,10))

ax.axis('off');

import schemdraw as schem
import schemdraw.elements as e
# schem.use('svg')

d = schem.Drawing()

V1 = d.add( e.SOURCE_SIN, label='$V_{a}$' )
L1 = d.add( e.LINE, d='right', label='$I_{a}$')
d.push()
R = d.add( e.RES, d='down', botlabel='$R$' )
d.pop()
d.add( e.LINE, d='right' )
d.add( e.INDUCTOR2, d='down', botlabel='$L$' )
d.add( e.LINE, to=V1.start )
d.add( e.GND )
d.draw(ax=ax, show=False)
plt.savefig("./images/schemdraw.png", dpi=300, transparent=True)
plt.rc("font", size=20)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize = (16,10))

soa =np.array([[0,0,0,5],[0,0,0,10],[0,0,5,0],[0,0,5,5]])
X,Y,U,V = zip(*soa)
ax = plt.gca()
ax.quiver(X,Y,U,V,angles='xy',scale_units='xy',scale=1)
ax.set_xlim([-1,10])
ax.set_ylim([-1,10])

ax.text(5, 0, r'$I_{X}$')
ax.text(0, 5, r'$I_{R}$')
ax.text(5, 5, r'$I_{an}$')
ax.text(0, 10, r'$V_{an}$')
ax.text(0.25, 1, r'$\theta$')

ax.axis('off');

plt.savefig("./images/power_20_0.png", transparent=True, dpi=300)
plt.rc("font", size=20)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize = (16,10))

soa =np.array([[0,0,0,5],[0,0,0,10],[0,0,5,0],[0,0,5,5]])
X,Y,U,V = zip(*soa)
ax = plt.gca()
ax.quiver(X,Y,U,V,angles='xy',scale_units='xy',scale=1)
ax.set_xlim([-1,10])
ax.set_ylim([-1,10])

ax.text(5, 0, r'$I_{X}$')
ax.text(0, 5, r'$I_{R}$')
ax.text(5, 5, r'$I_{an}$')
ax.text(0, 10, r'$V_{an}$')
ax.text(0.25, 1, r'$\theta$')

ax.axis('off');

plt.savefig("./images/power_20_0.png", transparent=True, dpi=300)

We know that is the phase difference between the Voltage and Current.

The first term can be rewritten as

Similarly the second term can be rewritten as

From the above figure we can see that power can be written as

# Special cases

or active power or real power is the power that is dissipated in the resistor, in the form of heat energy. or reactive power is the power that oscillates between the source and inductor or the capacitor. And is determined by the nature of the impedance.

Let’s look at three cases

# Case 1 : is zero

When we assume is zero, the load is purely resistive

f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = 0 # phase shift

Av = 110*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2,1,figsize = (16,10))


ax1 = axs[0]

ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -200, 200]);
ax1.legend(loc='lower left')

ax2 = axs[1]

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

#$p = \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \cos\theta (1 + \cos 2\omega t)
#                         + \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \sin 2\omega t \sin \theta $

p_R = Av*Ai/2*(np.cos(phi) * (1 + np.cos(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))
p_X = Av*Ai/2*(np.sin(phi) * (np.sin(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))

ax2.plot(t, p_R, label = 'Instantaneous Active Power in phase A', linestyle='--', color = 'b')
ax2.plot(t, p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Reactive Power in phase A', linestyle='-.', color = 'r')

#ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')
ax2.plot(t, p_R+p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Power in phase A', color='g')


ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
ax2.legend(loc='lower left')
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -1500, 1500]);

plt.savefig("./images/power_26_0.png", dpi=300, transparent=True)
f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = 0 # phase shift

Av = 110*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2,1,figsize = (16,10))


ax1 = axs[0]

ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -200, 200]);
ax1.legend(loc='lower left')

ax2 = axs[1]

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

#$p = \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \cos\theta (1 + \cos 2\omega t)
#                         + \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \sin 2\omega t \sin \theta $

p_R = Av*Ai/2*(np.cos(phi) * (1 + np.cos(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))
p_X = Av*Ai/2*(np.sin(phi) * (np.sin(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))

ax2.plot(t, p_R, label = 'Instantaneous Active Power in phase A', linestyle='--', color = 'b')
ax2.plot(t, p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Reactive Power in phase A', linestyle='-.', color = 'r')

#ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')
ax2.plot(t, p_R+p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Power in phase A', color='g')


ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
ax2.legend(loc='lower left')
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -1500, 1500]);

plt.savefig("./images/power_26_0.png", dpi=300, transparent=True)

The Instantaneous power in the phase is equal to the active power.

# Case 2 : is 90

When is 90, the load is purely inductive

f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = np.pi/2 # phase shift

Av = 110*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2,1,figsize = (16,10))

ax1 = axs[0]

ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -200, 200]);
ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

ax2 = axs[1]

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

#$p = \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \cos\theta (1 + \cos 2\omega t)
#                         + \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \sin 2\omega t \sin \theta$

p_R = Av*Ai/2*(np.cos(phi) * (1 + np.cos(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))
p_X = Av*Ai/2*(np.sin(phi) * (np.sin(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))

ax2.plot(t, p_R, label = 'Instantaneous Active Power in phase A', linestyle='--', color = 'b')
ax2.plot(t, p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Reactive Power in phase A', linestyle='-.', color = 'r')

#ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')
ax2.plot(t, p_R+p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Power in phase A', color='g')


ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
ax2.legend(loc='upper left')
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -1500, 1500]);

plt.savefig("./images/power_30_0.png", dpi=300, transparent=True)
f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = np.pi/2 # phase shift

Av = 110*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2,1,figsize = (16,10))

ax1 = axs[0]

ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -200, 200]);
ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

ax2 = axs[1]

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

#$p = \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \cos\theta (1 + \cos 2\omega t)
#                         + \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \sin 2\omega t \sin \theta$

p_R = Av*Ai/2*(np.cos(phi) * (1 + np.cos(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))
p_X = Av*Ai/2*(np.sin(phi) * (np.sin(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))

ax2.plot(t, p_R, label = 'Instantaneous Active Power in phase A', linestyle='--', color = 'b')
ax2.plot(t, p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Reactive Power in phase A', linestyle='-.', color = 'r')

#ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')
ax2.plot(t, p_R+p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Power in phase A', color='g')


ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
ax2.legend(loc='upper left')
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -1500, 1500]);

plt.savefig("./images/power_30_0.png", dpi=300, transparent=True)

The Instantaneous power in the phase is equal to the reactive power. The power oscillates between the source and the inductive circuit.

# Case 3 : is -90

When is -90, the load is purely capacitive

f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = -np.pi/2 # phase shift

Av = 110*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2,1,figsize = (16,10))

ax1 = axs[0]

ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -200, 200]);
ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

ax2 = axs[1]

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

#$p = \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \cos\theta (1 + \cos 2\omega t)
#                         + \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \sin 2\omega t \sin \theta$

p_R = Av*Ai/2*(np.cos(phi) * (1 + np.cos(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))
p_X = Av*Ai/2*(np.sin(phi) * (np.sin(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))

ax2.plot(t, p_R, label = 'Instantaneous Active Power in phase A', linestyle='--', color = 'b')
ax2.plot(t, p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Reactive Power in phase A', linestyle='-.', color = 'r')

#ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')
ax2.plot(t, p_R+p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Power in phase A', color='g')


ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
ax2.legend(loc='upper left')
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -1500, 1500]);

plt.savefig("./images/power_34_0.png", dpi=300, transparent=True)
f0 = 60 # Hz (frequency)
phi = -np.pi/2 # phase shift

Av = 110*np.sqrt(2) # voltage peak
Ai = 5*np.sqrt(2) # current peak

fs = 4000 # steps
t = np.arange(0.000, 1/f0, 1.0/fs) # plot from 0 to .02 secs

v = Av * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t + phi)
i = Ai * np.cos(2 * np.pi * f0 * t )
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2,1,figsize = (16,10))

ax1 = axs[0]

ax1.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax1.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

ax1.plot(t, v, label = 'Voltage in phase A')
ax1.plot(t, i, label = 'Current in phase A')
ax1.set_ylabel('Voltage and Current')

ax1.axis([0, 1/f0, -200, 200]);
ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

ax2 = axs[1]

ax2.axhline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')
ax2.axvline(linewidth=0.25, color='black')

#$p = \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \cos\theta (1 + \cos 2\omega t)
#                         + \frac{V_{max}I_{max}}{2} \sin 2\omega t \sin \theta$

p_R = Av*Ai/2*(np.cos(phi) * (1 + np.cos(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))
p_X = Av*Ai/2*(np.sin(phi) * (np.sin(2 * 2 * np.pi * f0 * t)))

ax2.plot(t, p_R, label = 'Instantaneous Active Power in phase A', linestyle='--', color = 'b')
ax2.plot(t, p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Reactive Power in phase A', linestyle='-.', color = 'r')

#ax2.plot(t, v*i, label = 'Power in phase A', color='g')
ax2.plot(t, p_R+p_X, label = 'Instantaneous Power in phase A', color='g')


ax2.set_ylabel('Power')
ax2.legend(loc='upper left')
ax2.axis([0, 1/f0, -1500, 1500]);

plt.savefig("./images/power_34_0.png", dpi=300, transparent=True)

In a purely capacitive circuit, power oscillates between the source and electric field associated with the capacitor.

# Expression for complex power

We know from Euler’s identity that, for any real number x

This means, we can write the above equations as :

Similarly,

Hence can be written as,